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How and when the Balōč arrived in the region of Kermān is unknown. They appear to have migrated farther east, and beyond Makrān, beginning around the time of the arrival of the Saljuqs in Kermān in the 5th/11th century, and continuing intermittently for the next five centuries, up to the spread of Safavid power in the 10th/16th century, with major movements probably in the 6th/12th and 9th/15th centuries. But their activities may even at that time have extended a considerable distance to the east. They appear to have lived in the northwestern part of the area (southeast of Kermān) at the time of the Arab conquest. The origins of the Balōč and of their name are similarly unclear. It may date only from the 12th/18th century when Naṣīr Khan I of Kalat during his long reign in the second half of the 12th/18th century became the first indigenous ruler to establish autonomous control over a large part of the area. It is unclear when the name Baluchistan came into general use. It appears to have been divided throughout history between Iranian (highland) and Indian (lowland) spheres of influence, and since 1870 it has been formally divided among Afghanistan, Iran, and India (later Pakistan). Its boundaries are vague and not consistent with modern provincial boundaries. Baluchistan: Natural features.īaluchistan is generally understood by the Baluch and their neighbors to comprise an area of over half a million square kilometers in the southeastern part of the Iranian plateau, south of the central deserts and the Helmand river, and in the arid coastal lowlands between the Iranian plateau and the Gulf of Oman. But so far there has been no attempt to synthesize and interpret all the available material (FIGURE 16, FIGURE 17).įigure 16. A copious literature has been produced on them since then, especially in English, but also in Persian and several other European and regional languages.
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Their history up to the time when they were drawn into Western colonial history in the 19th century is poorly known. The total number of Baluch in Baluchistan (in Afghanistan, Iran, and Pakistan), the Arab states of the Persian Gulf, and elsewhere in Asia and Africa is variously estimated at between three and five million. the Baluch in Pakistan, Iran, and Afghanistan since 1947 10. the period of British dominance, 1839-1947 9. the establishment of the khanate in Kalat 7. the early history of the area between Iran and India (Baluchistan) 5. the origins of the Balōč, i.e., the people who brought the name into the area 4. introductory review of problems in the history and ethnography of the Baluch, i.e., the present-day inhabitants of Baluchistan 2. This article is divided into the following sections: 1.